發布時間：2019-04-08|發布(bu)者(zhe): 大連鹽(yan)化集團|欄目：鹽與生活
據史書記載：????“鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)產不(bu)同(tong)，解州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)風(feng)水所(suo)結，寧夏之(zhi)(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)刮(gua)池(chi)得之(zhi)(zhi)，準、浙之(zhi)(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)熬汲；川、滇(dian)之(zhi)(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)汲井，閩、粵之(zhi)(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)積鹵。準南之(zhi)(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)煎，準北(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)曬(shai)，山東之(zhi)(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有煎有曬(shai)。”《明志(zhi)食貨志(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法》較全(quan)面(mian)概括(kuo)了(le)全(quan)國各地(di)產鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的生產方式(shi)和不(bu)同(tong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)種(zhong)(zhong)。另外，《周(zhou)禮·鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)人》載：“祭祀，共其苦鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，敬鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、賓(bin)客(ke)，共其形(xing)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，散(san)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)；王之(zhi)(zhi)膳(shan)羞(xiu)，共飴(yi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，后(hou)及世子亦如之(zhi)(zhi)。”苦鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)即(ji)自然鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，味(wei)淡，稍苦；散(san)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)即(ji)海(hai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，味(wei)成；形(xing)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、飴(yi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)即(ji)巖鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)或(huo)池(chi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。古(gu)代食鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的品種(zhong)(zhong)除海(hai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、池(chi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、井鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、飴(yi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)外，居住在我國東北(bei)地(di)區的肅慎族(zu)（后(hou)稱(cheng)女真??族(zu)），還(huan)生產樹(shu)葉鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，古代(dai)西(xi)我(wo)（西(xi)北部少數民族(zu)）則生產光明鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，在我(wo)國史書中，還(huan)有青鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、紅(hong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、綠鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等詳細(xi)記載。一些醫書上(shang)也說有“色(se)(se)紅(hong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)，味(wei)甘(gan)，狀如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)方印”的(de)(de)(de)(de)印鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，有“顆大如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)斗，狀白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)玉”的(de)(de)(de)(de)石鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，有“大而青白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)，可入藥傷”的(de)(de)(de)(de)我(wo)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)唐代(dai)《北戶錄(lu)》載：“恩州有鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)場，色(se)(se)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)蜂雪，琴(qin)湖(hu)池桃(tao)花(hua)(hua)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，色(se)(se)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)桃(tao)花(hua)(hua)，在張掖西(xi)北。”明朝(chao)李時珍《本草綱目(mu)》云：“青鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)池出鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)正方半寸，其(qi)(qi)形如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)石，甚甜美(mei)”。“交(jiao)河(he)之間(jian)掘(jue)下數尺(chi)有紫鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。”我(wo)們平常(chang)到海邊，看(kan)(kan)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)海鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)大部分是(shi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)，也有黃(huang)褐(he)、灰褐(he)、淡紅(hong)、暗(an)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)。湖(hu)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有青色(se)(se)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)、紅(hong)、藍(lan)，像(xiang)彩虹在晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)中閃光。巖(yan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)（礦鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)）紋飾(shi)綺麗，紅(hong)、黃(huang)、灰、青、綠、紫，五顏六色(se)(se)混在一起，一塊(kuai)塊(kuai)巖(yan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)像(xiang)奇光異彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)石。其(qi)(qi)實，純鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)許多(duo)小(xiao)晶(jing)粒組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)簇(cu)，表(biao)面(mian)和內部含(han)有母液及其(qi)(qi)他礦物質(zhi)為(wei)灰白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)。食(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)外(wai)貌是(shi)現光怪陸(lu)離的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色(se)(se)，是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)里混進雜質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緣(yuan)故。雜質(zhi)看(kan)(kan)起來十分微小(xiao)，卻改(gai)變了食(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)本來面(mian)目(mu)。此如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)海鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，由于照(zhao)在食(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)表(biao)面(mian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光線，沿(yan)著(zhu)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)粒晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)表(biao)面(mian)或是(shi)裂縫面(mian)互相村映反射(she)，人的(de)(de)(de)(de)眼(yan)往往被食(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)假色(se)(se)迷混了，本來是(shi)無色(se)(se)透(tou)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，都看(kan)(kan)成為(wei)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)茶卡鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)湖(hu)，有淺藍(lan)透(tou)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻璃(li)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，粉紅(hong)渾(hun)圓的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍珠(zhu)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，潔(jie)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)細(xi)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)粉條鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，淡青閃亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)塔(ta)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，乳黃(huang)瑰麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)菊花(hua)(hua)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，還(huan)有花(hua)(hua)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)晶(jing)珠(zhu)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、珊瑚鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、鐘乳鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)……千姿百態(tai)，格外(wai)耀眼(yan)。鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)種(zhong)之多(duo)，勝(sheng)不勝(sheng)舉。現以幾種(zhong)比較(jiao)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)種(zhong)為(wei)例介(jie)紹。
1、海鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)古老的(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)種(zhong)，它是(shi)(shi)以(yi)海水灌注鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)田，然(ran)后蒸發(fa)而(er)(er)成的(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。也(ye)是(shi)(shi)用鐵鍋煎(jian)煮海水，或(huo)在(zai)海邊(bian)難池曬(shai)(shai)(shai)干海水所得(de)的(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)種(zhong)。海鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)般(ban)分為(wei)煎(jian)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和(he)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，無論是(shi)(shi)煎(jian)是(shi)(shi)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)，都要先制鹵。從宋(song)代(dai)至今，基本(ben)采(cai)用傳統的(de)(de)生產方法(fa)：即曬(shai)(shai)(shai)灰、淋鹵、取(qu)鹵、煎(jian)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)、成鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)五道(dao)工(gong)序，也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)說，海鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)日曬(shai)(shai)(shai)法(fa)的(de)(de)工(gong)藝流程(cheng)一(yi)般(ban)要分為(wei)納潮(chao)、制鹵、結晶(jing)、收(shou)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)四大工(gong)序。而(er)(er)煎(jian)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)與(yu)曬(shai)(shai)(shai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)又分別不同。
（1）煎鹽：在儲鹵池(chi)邊設個灶房，當鹵水煎沸，水汽(qi)蒸發(fa)，鹽開(kai)始凝結時，再加一些(xie)溫鹵或放人一些(xie)皂(zao)白、白礬(fan)米粉、麻仁一類的東西可以制出晶瑩的鹽。“請君(jun)伐菹薪，煮濼(luo)水為鹽”（《管(guan)子·輕重管(guan)》）
未完(wan)待續（下期介(jie)紹海鹽(yan)中的曬(shai)鹽(yan)、井鹽(yan)、巖(yan)鹽(yan)等）