發(fa)布時間：2018-10-22|發布者: 大連(lian)鹽化集團|欄目：鹽化史話
縱觀(guan)中國鹽(yan)(yan)業史，兩宋私(si)鹽(yan)(yan)較(jiao)之(zhi)于前朝后代，存在著(zhu)獨特的歷史現象。北宋時有遼、西夏兩朝為(wei)鄰受其鹽(yan)(yan)私(si)之(zhi)逼，南宋時金(jin)奪遼又蔽西夏與之(zhi)為(wei)鄰金(jin)鹽(yan)(yan)來(lai)襲；兩宋鹽(yan)(yan)法較(jiao)之(zhi)唐五代及其前朝多有創新且臻于完善，但皇(huang)權本質終難盡杜其弊；刑不上大(da)夫等儒家觀(guan)念(nian)被強化，致官吏販(fan)私(si)呈公開半(ban)公開之(zhi)狀(zhuang)，全國鹽(yan)(yan)產(chan)大(da)而(er)私(si)販(fan)量(liang)亦巨。本掘(jue)文(wen)略(lve)作初探，以求(qiu)指(zhi)教(jiao)。
一、外朝私鹽打中兩宋國(guo)防(fang)軟肋
北宋（960——1127）凡167年(nian)，從北到南(nan)(nan)依次有遼、西夏、吐蕃諸部(bu)、大理國、越南(nan)(nan)為鄰。遼之海(hai)鹽、池(chi)鹽與(yu)西夏的青白(bai)鹽，始終對北宋存在壓境之威(wei)脅和(he)透(tou)私之現(xian)實(shi)。
契(qi)丹(dan)民族國(guo)家(jia)——遼國（916——1125），立國早于北宋(song)而共終北宋(song)政(zheng)權(quan)有210年歷(li)史(shi)。遼(liao)太宗耶律德光時(shi)期（927．11——947．4），遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)國就(jiu)(jiu)進(jin)入了封建社會，比之(zhi)于(yu)國初的奴隸制更(geng)(geng)能發展社會生產(chan)(chan)(chan)力。契丹民(min)(min)族發祥于(yu)草原、沙漠，但在立國時(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)擄(lu)掠了漢(han)(han)人(ren)（包括制鹽(yan)(yan)漢(han)(han)人(ren)），并采取“胡漢(han)(han)分治(zhi)(zhi)”法，讓漢(han)(han)人(ren)繼(ji)續經營被遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)控制的遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)境鹽(yan)(yan)業，這就(jiu)(jiu)使得遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)控海(hai)(hai)鹽(yan)(yan)與池(chi)鹽(yan)(yan)都能得以(yi)與前代不中斷(duan)(duan)的承接、持續。《遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)史·食(shi)(shi)(shi)貨志(zhi)》載(zai)道(dao)：“自(zi)太祖(zu)(zu)以(yi)所(suo)得漢(han)(han)民(min)(min)數多(duo)(duo)，即八部(bu)（契丹八部(bu)為(wei)(wei)隋末(mo)唐初8個(ge)契丹民(min)(min)族部(bu)落(luo)）中分古(gu)漢(han)(han)城(cheng)別為(wei)(wei)一部(bu)治(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)。┄┄有鹽(yan)(yan)池(chi)之(zhi)利(li)(li)，┄┄八部(bu)皆取而食(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)。及(ji)征幽(you)、薊(ji)還，次于(yu)鶴(he)喇(la)濼，命取鹽(yan)(yan)給軍。自(zi)后，濼中鹽(yan)(yan)益多(duo)(duo)，上下(xia)足(zu)用。┄┄如渤(bo)海(hai)(hai)、鎮(zhen)城(cheng)、海(hai)(hai)陽(yang)、豐州(zhou)(zhou)、陽(yang)洛城(cheng)、廣濟湖(hu)等處。五京(jing)計司各以(yi)其(qi)地領之(zhi)。”渤(bo)海(hai)(hai)、海(hai)(hai)陽(yang)為(wei)(wei)海(hai)(hai)鹽(yan)(yan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地，鎮(zhen)城(cheng)、豐州(zhou)(zhou)、廣濟湖(hu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)池(chi)鹽(yan)(yan)。權威(wei)專家說遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)鹽(yan)(yan)史況史載(zai)鮮見，但從遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)控海(hai)(hai)鹽(yan)(yan)區之(zhi)廣闊和池(chi)鹽(yan)(yan)區之(zhi)多(duo)(duo)，結合遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)史說“上下(xia)足(zu)用”，可推斷(duan)(duan)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)鹽(yan)(yan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)不會少的。契丹人(ren)游(you)牧(mu)射獵，“隨水草畜牧(mu)”，以(yi)肉為(wei)(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)，皮(pi)為(wei)(wei)衣(yi)，更(geng)(geng)需要食(shi)(shi)(shi)用足(zu)量(liang)(liang)的鹽(yan)(yan)分。從其(qi)太祖(zu)(zu)耶律阿機保，就(jiu)(jiu)以(yi)占據鹽(yan)(yan)池(chi)之(zhi)利(li)(li)加上暴力而成為(wei)(wei)終身大汗(han)且(qie)世襲汗(han)位(wei)。遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)朝重視鹽(yan)(yan)的產(chan)(chan)(chan)銷以(yi)盡獲(huo)鹽(yan)(yan)利(li)(li)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)、運、銷管理適當，故(gu)而產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)足(zu)用市場穩定，每斤零售(shou)價(jia)(jia)僅11．7文(wen)，鹽(yan)(yan)價(jia)(jia)一直(zhi)遠低(di)于(yu)北宋官府(fu)零售(shou)價(jia)(jia)34——56文。北宋即便是(shi)淮浙(zhe)海鹽(yan)價在每(mei)斤26——67文浮動，也(ye)畸高于(yu)(yu)遼鹽。北宋(song)(song)景德元年(nian)（1004）真宗(zong)與(yu)遼達(da)成“澶淵之(zhi)(zhi)盟(meng)”，所謂結為兄弟(di)之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)，北宋(song)(song)每年(nian)捐于(yu)(yu)遼銀10萬兩、絹20萬匹，明顯處(chu)于(yu)(yu)敗國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)。那時遼鹽量(liang)大價低，并(bing)已實(shi)行榷(que)鹽法(fa)(fa)與(yu)折搏鹽法(fa)(fa)，鹽的(de)商販活動已屬正(zheng)常。宋(song)(song)遼并(bing)無天(tian)然(ran)屏障，強大的(de)遼國(guo)鹽產(chan)被商販于(yu)(yu)宋(song)(song)境(jing)(jing)也(ye)是正(zheng)常的(de)了。與(yu)此同(tong)時，渤海西岸的(de)海鹽，也(ye)常被私(si)販至(zhi)宋(song)(song)境(jing)(jing)發賣。因(yin)為遼鹽價格低廉，曾迫使北宋(song)(song)的(de)河(he)北鹽法(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)情愿(yuan)地(di)放寬，以同(tong)遼鹽競爭減少銅銀外流。甚至(zhi)于(yu)(yu)對遼之(zhi)(zhi)私(si)鹽也(ye)因(yin)“恐邊事因(yin)循不(bu)(bu)止”而(er)“吏不(bu)(bu)敢禁(jin)”。宋(song)(song)仁宗(zong)也(ye)因(yin)“未榷(que)而(er)契丹鹽常盜販不(bu)(bu)已；若榷(que)也(ye)，則(ze)鹽貴，敵(di)鹽（遼鹽）益售”，也(ye)“非用(yong)兵不(bu)(bu)能(neng)禁(jin)”，只(zhi)得罷河(he)北的(de)濱、滄(cang)二州海鹽之(zhi)(zhi)榷(que)。
西夏(xia)立國于(yu)十一世紀初，從1032——1227年存(cun)在了(le)196年，與南宋(song)(song)(song)同被蒙元所滅。由(you)于(yu)1127年金(jin)朝(chao)趕宋(song)(song)(song)南遷(qian)后(hou)，西夏(xia)東與東南亦被金(jin)侵奪，與南宋(song)(song)(song)被金(jin)隔開，所以西夏(xia)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)(chan)對(dui)宋(song)(song)(song)朝(chao)的影響基(ji)本與遼(liao)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)同，僅限于(yu)北宋(song)(song)(song)。西夏(xia)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)品種，有(you)青白(bai)(bai)池鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)、巖鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)、土鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)，青白(bai)(bai)池鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)為(wei)(wei)主。其鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)史為(wei)(wei)早，自古聞(wen)名。關于(yu)西夏(xia)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)年產(chan)(chan)量，未見(jian)有(you)史料可(ke)資具體分(fen)析。但從一些相關史料中，也可(ke)間接推斷(duan)已接近史實。據《舊(jiu)唐書(shu)?食貨志》載，公元821年(nian)時，西夏最名之(zhi)烏池(chi)鹽產(chan)，每年(nian)糶鹽搏榷米(mi)可達15萬石。到北宋慶歷時，似有(you)增產(chan)，故(gu)有(you)北宋慶歷（1041——1048）初(chu)，在(zai)淮(huai)鹽區定型(xing)了一種新鹽法——鈔引法，商人以(yi)現錢(qian)買(mai)(mai)政(zheng)府鹽(yan)鈔，到產鹽(yan)區驗鈔領鹽(yan)，自(zi)由販售。西夏鹽(yan)產豐富，國用有(you)(you)余，恰逢北宋(song)(song)有(you)(you)現錢(qian)買(mai)(mai)鹽(yan)鈔這個(ge)好政(zheng)策(ce)，遂有(you)(you)了(le)以(yi)鹽(yan)換(huan)錢(qian)的想法，曾有(you)(you)慶(qing)歷(li)三、四年（1043——1044）宋夏(xia)談(tan)判，西夏(xia)提出向北宋“歲賣(mai)青(qing)鹽十(shi)萬石(shi)”為條件的史實(shi)。西夏(xia)景宗李元昊（1032．11——1048．1）“性雄毅(yi)，多大略”，不(bu)滿足于北(bei)(bei)宋每年(nian)予(yu)銀萬(wan)兩(liang)、絹萬(wan)匹(pi)、錢2萬(wan)貫，也不(bu)滿足于由北(bei)(bei)宋以其帛、羅(luo)、綺、香、藥、瓷漆器等物交(jiao)換西夏(xia)之駝馬牛羊、玉、甘草、麝臍、羚角(jiao)、紅花、翎毛等物，且(qie)民間可自由貿易，而斷然撕毀(hui)了(le)訂立于北(bei)(bei)宋景德(de)三(san)年(nian)（1006）的(de)宋夏(xia)和(he)約(yue)，制造事端，挑(tiao)起了(le)兩(liang)國邊(bian)釁。西夏(xia)池(chi)鹽產(chan)豐品佳價廉，鹽法也較(jiao)寬松，朝廷官(guan)吏(li)可掌控青(qing)白(bai)鹽以販運，民間也可自由買賣，造成私販到宋境的(de)很多。北(bei)(bei)宋對西夏(xia)鹽的(de)管制，也隨外交(jiao)情形的(de)變化而隨機調(diao)整。從北(bei)(bei)宋太宗(zong)太平(ping)興國七(qi)年(nian)（982）到真宗(zong)咸(xian)平(ping)三(san)年(nian)（1000），對西夏(xia)青(qing)白(bai)鹽入境，曾“禁毋入塞”——“勿(wu)復禁””——“禁沿(yan)邊互市(shi)”——“絕其青鹽不入(ru)漢界，禁其糧食不及蕃夷”——“禁戎人(ren)（北方(fang)民族(zu)）賣鹽”——“斷青鹽”，反(fan)復的(de)禁與放。刑律也有從(cong)“一(yi)兩杖十五(wu)”至“皆編配”、“皆坐(zuo)死”之(zhi)酷。但百余(yu)年間青白鹽通過民間孔道(dao)進入(ru)(ru)宋(song)境的(de)從(cong)未有斷絕，在宋(song)夏和(he)時(shi)為(wei)販售，不(bu)和(he)時(shi)為(wei)走(zou)私(si)。故而《宋(song)史》有載，“蕃部賣(mai)鹽”至北宋(song)，同時(shi)也不(bu)乏宋(song)人(ren)參與其中；“西夏青鹽，盜販甚(shen)賤。”《宋(song)會要》載，“戎(rong)人(ren)賣(mai)鹽”入(ru)(ru)宋(song)，都(dou)是(shi)指走(zou)私(si)青白鹽進入(ru)(ru)北宋(song)境內。
北(bei)宋(song)靖康二年（1127）四月初(chu)一(yi)，北(bei)宋(song)政權被金(jin)人推翻。南宋(song)高宗(zong)紹(shao)興十(shi)一(yi)年（1141）十(shi)一(yi)月，與(yu)金(jin)國簽訂了屈辱投降的(de)條約(yue)，以淮(huai)(huai)水(shui)為界（全國高產鹽(yan)區兩(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)之百年前就建有(you)3個鹽(yan)場(chang)并其時歲煮鹽(yan)就達47．7萬(wan)石的(de)淮(huai)(huai)北(bei)鹽(yan)區盡歸于金(jin)），南宋(song)對金(jin)稱臣，每年向金(jin)貢銀25萬(wan)兩(liang)(liang)、絹25萬(wan)匹。到1234年蒙古(gu)滅金(jin)的(de)107年南宋(song)與(yu)金(jin)對峙中，金(jin)的(de)社會經濟有(you)了很大發(fa)展(zhan)，金(jin)世宗(zong)（1161．１——1189．1）全國人口4470．5萬人，比北宋大(da)觀四(si)年（1110）尚多(duo)出130萬人。人口增加(jia)，既有(you)(you)利于(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)包括鹽(yan)業在內的(de)(de)各業，同時也(ye)因食(shi)鹽(yan)量增加(jia)而刺激鹽(yan)業的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，比起遼、夏與(yu)(yu)北宋為鄰時，金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)鹽(yan)業對(dui)南宋有(you)(you)更大(da)的(de)(de)威脅。金(jin)(jin)與(yu)(yu)遼、西夏對(dui)所控(kong)制鹽(yan)產均未有(you)(you)史料明(ming)載(zai)，只(zhi)能據相(xiang)關史料推斷。金(jin)(jin)朝時鹽(yan)產大(da)致可(ke)從中期(qi)即金(jin)(jin)世宗至章宗承安(an)（1196——1200年）關于降減鹽(yan)(yan)價有(you)關奏折及廷議記載中考(kao)究得出(chu)梗概(gai)，不計入虧課、私鹽(yan)(yan)量，世宗(zong)時全國年產(chan)鹽(yan)(yan)量達1．8億斤(jin)，此(ci)后曾(ceng)達2．4億斤(jin)。而北(bei)宋時期掌握的北(bei)方海鹽(yan)(yan)產(chan)量幾(ji)無可數。可見金(jin)國鹽(yan)(yan)業是(shi)如(ru)何突飛猛進的。金(jin)國鹽(yan)(yan)產(chan)大，鹽(yan)(yan)價卻(que)低，恰在高(gao)產(chan)的世宗(zong)到章宗(zong)朝，金(jin)廷卻(que)降減了(le)鹽(yan)(yan)價至每斤(jin)38——30文(wen)，此時私(si)鹽(yan)市價也(ye)僅(jin)為每(mei)斤(jin)25文(wen)。金國(guo)鹽(yan)區特(te)設了(le)巡(xun)捕使，正是(shi)金世宗時金鹽(yan)旺產期，也(ye)恰好反映量大價廉的(de)(de)金鹽(yan)，販(fan)私(si)必有相(xiang)當規模和影(ying)響，僅(jin)與(yu)南宋以淮水為界的(de)(de)金國(guo)之鹽(yan)，完(wan)全可(ke)以利用北宋就建立(li)起來的(de)(de)水陸鹽(yan)運通道，又如(ru)何能不(bu)私(si)鬻至南宋疆界呢？況南宋此時已對金稱(cheng)臣，對金之私(si)鹽(yan)想必也(ye)不(bu)會(hui)有強拒之策的(de)(de)。《宋會(hui)要(yao)輯稿?食貨》載，“邊(bian)備不嚴(yan)，沿邊(bian)之人多自(zi)虜境(jing)（指(zhi)金國(guo)）盜販(fan)解鹽(yan)（解鹽(yan)區被金控(kong)制）私(si)入川界。”《建炎以來朝(chao)野雜(za)記》則(ze)具體(ti)(ti)描述金國(guo)解鹽(yan)入川之甚為“往往十百為群，遇巡(xun)尉出(chu)巡(xun)，則(ze)蹋開生路(lu)以避(bi)之。有司亦不敢問，第遙(yao)護之出(chu)境(jing)而已。”為什(shen)么不敢問？可能還是緣出(chu)軍力不如金。
二(er)、境內私鹽(yan)(yan)撕裂兩宋(song)鹽(yan)(yan)法弊被(bei)
較(jiao)之(zhi)于唐(tang)五(wu)代及(ji)其前的(de)(de)鹽法(fa)(fa)(fa)，以(yi)(yi)杜(du)私(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)核心目的(de)(de)的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)宋鹽法(fa)(fa)(fa)確有諸多創樹，也不可謂不全(quan)面(mian)。但正(zheng)如任何(he)封建(jian)王(wang)朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)鹽法(fa)(fa)(fa)一樣，都是(shi)(shi)在皇權至高無上的(de)(de)觀念(nian)指導下(xia)訂立的(de)(de)，著意(yi)維護的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)封建(jian)朝(chao)(chao)廷、達官(guan)顯貴及(ji)大鹽商的(de)(de)利益。這樣的(de)(de)鹽法(fa)(fa)(fa)，有幾個特點：一是(shi)(shi)管理雖全(quan)面(mian)但機(ji)構雍腫(zhong)更加刺激(ji)官(guan)府搜(sou)刮鹽利以(yi)(yi)敷俸祿支付(fu)，故而形成(cheng)隨意(yi)變(bian)(bian)幻(huan)反復折騰；二是(shi)(shi)官(guan)吏乘隙(xi)而入(ru)侵蝕(shi)國利；三是(shi)(shi)漠視產(chan)鹽人和(he)食鹽百姓(xing)的(de)(de)利益，從而激(ji)起民(min)變(bian)(bian)民(min)反去(qu)破壞、摧(cui)毀鹽法(fa)(fa)(fa)。恰如是(shi)(shi)，似(si)可認為(wei)(wei)(wei)兩(liang)(liang)宋鹽法(fa)(fa)(fa)也是(shi)(shi)由政府操縱和(he)編(bian)織(zhi)的(de)(de)利為(wei)(wei)(wei)經、弊為(wei)(wei)(wei)緯攫取鹽利的(de)(de)網(wang)。
兩宋(song)320年(nian)(nian)間（北宋(song)167年(nian)(nian)，南(nan)宋(song)153年(nian)(nian)），皇室、政府以最大限度地占有鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)利為(wei)(wei)目的(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)建設，產(chan)、運、銷各個(ge)領域都有很多(duo)創新，有些一直被(bei)后(hou)(hou)世沿襲、改(gai)進、變通、完善，直至清(qing)朝。生(sheng)產(chan)領域的(de)(de)(de)催煎(jian)制并由(you)此(ci)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)伏法(fa)(fa)并簿歷制，對(dui)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)民(min)(min)管(guan)理(li)而制訂的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)世戶(hu)(hu)籍先(xian)(xian)啟的(de)(de)(de)灶甲制并亭民(min)(min)戶(hu)(hu)牌法(fa)(fa)；鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)務管(guan)理(li)機構(gou)中(zhong)(zhong)央先(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)三(san)司（鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)鐵、度支、戶(hu)(hu)部）后(hou)(hou)戶(hu)(hu)部左(zuo)曹，到東南(nan)海鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)提(ti)舉鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)事司，到憲臣擔當的(de)(de)(de)御(yu)史巡鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)，到地方(fang)大行(xing)政區(qu)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)運司及(ji)提(ti)點私(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)使，到管(guan)理(li)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)大者為(wei)(wei)監(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)者為(wei)(wei)場小者為(wei)(wei)務，形成(cheng)龐大的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，甚至與其他官僚機關一起，造成(cheng)國(guo)家吃(chi)皇糧(liang)的(de)(de)(de)人數惡性膨脹(zhang)，官員(yuan)俸祿(lu)幾成(cheng)朝廷巨負(fu)；在鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)購、包裝、倉(cang)貯、運輸直至售賣，形成(cheng)了相(xiang)對(dui)完整(zheng)固定(ding)又(you)異常復雜的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)，在官方(fang)主導下，官、商、民(min)(min)在不同層(ceng)面(mian)參與，創造了袋法(fa)(fa)省(sheng)則(ze)、商稅法(fa)(fa)則(ze)、綱運押載、榷賣為(wei)(wei)主兼存引鈔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)制等；在禁(jin)堵(du)私(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)上，太(tai)祖(zu)建隆二年(nian)(nian)（961）就(jiu)制定(ding)了闌入(ru)法(fa)(fa)，至太(tai)祖(zu)乾德四年(nian)(nian)（966）、太(tai)宗(zong)(zong)太(tai)平興國(guo)二年(nian)(nian)（977）、雍(yong)熙(xi)元年(nian)(nian)（984）和(he)雍(yong)熙(xi)四年(nian)(nian)（987）、淳化(hua)五年(nian)(nian)（994）、徽宗(zong)(zong)政和(he)五年(nian)(nian)（1115）、孝宗(zong)(zong)淳熙(xi)元年(nian)(nian)（1174），多(duo)次(ci)詔定(ding)禁(jin)私(si)律條，其中(zhong)(zhong)太(tai)宗(zong)(zong)淳化(hua)五年(nian)(nian)還對(dui)私(si)販私(si)售遼國(guo)等外朝鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)加重處罰。
刑(xing)律既定頒(ban)布全(quan)國施行，凡私鹽(yan)對照律條加以(yi)科罪(zui)。但具體到對鹽(yan)的生產、收(shou)貯、運(yun)銷管理(li)，由于(yu)不(bu)同(tong)時期管理(li)體制、方(fang)法(fa)、力度不(bu)同(tong)，兩(liang)宋(song)私鹽(yan)還是比較多地(di)潛藏(zang)于(yu)產、運(yun)、銷諸環節中。
在(zai)生(sheng)產環節中出現私鹽(yan)，主(zhu)要是由官府收(shou)購價(jia)太低(di)(di)還不能及時付于(yu)鹽(yan)民(min)。宋(song)(song)廷把壓低(di)(di)制鹽(yan)工(gong)本作為(wei)獲利的方法之一，而這鹽(yan)工(gong)本比(bi)之官售價(jia)相差甚遠。有資(zi)料統計得出，整個(ge)宋(song)(song)代官鹽(yan)收(shou)購價(jia)，最低(di)(di)每(mei)斤1．8文(wen)，最高的也就在(zai)22.7文(wen)并僅在(zai)閩(min)鹽(yan)區短暫出現過(guo)，大多在(zai)每(mei)斤4——16文(wen)。北宋諫(jian)臣俞獻卿(qing)曾在(zai)仁(ren)宗朝任過鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)鐵副(fu)使，奉(feng)命整治(zhi)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)浙鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)稅。他在(zai)仁(ren)宗天圣元年（1023）奏聞(wen)道：淮(huai)(huai)(huai)東（指兩淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)）“亭(ting)戶賣納鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)貨，每三(san)石(shi)支(zhi)錢(qian)五百(bai)文(wen)。……每正(zheng)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)一石(shi)納耗（還另加）一斗，所(suo)買鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)只于(yu)本州出賣，（就）每石(shi)收錢(qian)一千(qian)三(san)百(bai)足，展計一千(qian)六百(bai)九十六文(wen)省。官有(you)九倍凈利。”官府以每三(san)石(shi)500文(wen)收購淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)，不(bu)出本州就可賣到3900——5070文，另有3斗所謂納(na)耗(hao)鹽(yan)(yan)同(tong)樣可賣，其九(jiu)倍之利不可言不大。《宋(song)鹽(yan)(yan)管(guan)窺》也說(shuo),“官(guan)之買(mai)價(jia)賤,而(er)(er)賣價(jia)貴”官(guan)府(fu)除竭力壓價(jia)強收(shou),還在過秤(cheng)時多稱少記,多納(na)耗(hao)鹽(yan)(yan),少得(de)不能再少的工本(ben)錢還常拖欠(qian),在收(shou)取鹽(yan)(yan)民(min)(min)雜費上多取“身(shen)丁錢”等,以至“灶(zao)戶失業,漸(jian)以逃亡。”逃不了的鹽(yan)(yan)民(min)(min),為(wei)了生存(cun),就會私產私販(fan)以換溫飽。而(er)(er)這些(xie)鹽(yan)(yan)民(min)(min)私鹽(yan)(yan) ,連(lian)同(tong)那些(xie)買(mai)不起(qi)官(guan)鹽(yan)(yan)但為(wei)了有鹽(yan)(yan)吃(chi)而(er)(er)買(mai)私鹽(yan)(yan)的百姓,如被(bei)官(guan)府(fu)捉拿(na),也往(wang)往(wang)被(bei)超于(yu)律(lv)條重(zhong)罰。
在運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)環節上出現私(si)鹽(yan),主要(yao)是官(guan)(guan)府(fu)剝削運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)者和一些貪官(guan)(guan)參與(yu)私(si)販。宋(song)(song)(song)代在一些地方設有(you)收納(na)、中轉(zhuan)、貯藏及銷售三類(lei)鹽(yan)倉,如淮鹽(yan)的(de)產(chan)(chan)銷區就(jiu)有(you)真州(zhou)(zhou)(今(jin)江(jiang)蘇省揚州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)儀征)、泗州(zhou)(zhou)(今(jin)江(jiang)蘇省宿(su)(su)遷市(shi)宿(su)(su)城(cheng)區鄭樓鄉境內)、江(jiang)州(zhou)(zhou)(今(jin)江(jiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)省九(jiu)江(jiang)市(shi))、大庾(今(jin)江(jiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)省)等轉(zhuan)般倉。食(shi)鹽(yan)從產(chan)(chan)地運(yun)(yun)(yun)經各類(lei)鹽(yan)倉最終(zhong)銷售出去。宋(song)(song)(song)代食(shi)鹽(yan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)主要(yao)有(you)官(guan)(guan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)民(min)運(yun)(yun)(yun)兩種,也有(you)官(guan)(guan)民(min)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)。為了獲取運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)環節上的(de)鹽(yan)利,官(guan)(guan)府(fu)以勞役制派役于民(min),使(shi)之直(zhi)接(jie)承擔運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)食(shi)鹽(yan)的(de)任務(wu),對這些船戶車夫,如同對待鹽(yan)民(min)一樣,也是窮(qiong)盡壓(ya)榨之法,百般剝削。如大庾轉(zhuan)般倉位于江(jiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)與(yu)廣東兩省邊境,古道崎嶇險峻(jun),唐曾辟新(xin)道,設驛站(zhan),宋(song)(song)(song)仁(ren)宗嘉佑年間(jian)(1056——1063)重修(xiu),并置(zhi)梅(mei)關,成為交通咽喉,淮(huai)鹽(yan)運到此處要向南嶺南北分運售(shou)賣(mai),人(ren)工(gong)車(che)(che)推肩扛手提,十分勞(lao)苦(ku)。《宋鹽(yan)管(guan)窺》也載有解鹽(yan)入川,官府強(qiang)制民(min)戶在“山(shan)路險峻”、“水多風濤”的(de)川陜間寒來(lai)暑往地奔波。官府付給船戶車(che)(che)夫的(de)勞(lao)役費很低(di)不說,如有食鹽(yan)耗損,還要盡數賠償。連(lian)著名北宋清官包(bao)拯(999年5月28日——1062年(nian)7月3日)都同情(qing)這些(xie)運鹽者說(shuo):“家業(ye)已(yi)竭,而鹽數未足；嵯怨之聲,盈于道路(lu)。”宋朝(chao)雖說(shuo)“輕(qing)武”,但并不裁軍(jun),軍(jun)隊(dui)員額反(fan)從宋初20萬,到仁宗(zong)慶歷(li)年(nian)間(1041——1048)擴軍到125萬。這些兵(bing)員中有不小的(de)部分只(zhi)在地方當差,有些就攤上了轉(zhuan)般(ban)食鹽。而官(guan)(guan)府對這些兵(bing)丁(ding)也不留情(qing)地壓低酬勞,也造成“兵(bing)力罷勞,不堪(kan)其命(ming)。”轉(zhuan)般(ban)食鹽的(de)這些船戶車(che)夫(fu)和兵(bing)丁(ding),反抗(kang)的(de)方式除了逃逸,就是設(she)法潛竊(qie)私(si)(si)藏一點私(si)(si)鹽,偷售以為補償。相對于船戶車(che)夫(fu)、兵(bing)丁(ding)的(de)微量私(si)(si)鹽現(xian)象(xiang),達官(guan)(guan)胥吏(li)之私(si)(si)販(fan),軍官(guan)(guan)牙(ya)人之私(si)(si)販(fan),則是兩宋食鹽運輸環節私(si)(si)鹽現(xian)象(xiang)之大宗(zong)。南(nan)宋理(li)宗(zong)(1225——1260)權臣賈似道,幾半公開(kai)地(di)動用(yong)(yong)百艘船只販運私鹽,歷史為他留(liu)下(xia)了一首(shou)諷刺詩:“昨夜江頭(tou)長(chang)碧(bi)波,滿船都載(zai)(zai)相(xiang)公鹺。雖然(ran)要作調羹用(yong)(yong),未必調羹用(yong)(yong)許多!”理宗(zong)朝還有(you)趙彥滿、高宗(zong)朝還有(you)廣西梧州團練副使孟(meng)揆等,都是史載(zai)(zai)有(you)名的販運私鹽之官員們。
在銷售(shou)環(huan)(huan)節上出現(xian)(xian)的私鹽現(xian)(xian)象(xiang),遠(yuan)比生產(chan)、運輸兩(liang)環(huan)(huan)節更為普(pu)遍(bian),對官府財政(zheng)沖(chong)擊為大,售(shou)私與禁私之抗爭尤為激(ji)烈。《宋會要輯稿.食貨(huo)》載,私鹽(yan)(yan)販(fan)“起于販(fan)鬻私鹽(yan)(yan)”,用“大棹賊船(chuan)為害不細。”“器杖鑼鼓皆備。”這(zhe)說的是粵鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)私(si)(si)情景。南(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)閩鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)“以(yi)私(si)(si)販(fan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)業者十率五六。”(《建炎(yan)以(yi)來系年要錄》)事實上,宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)境內私(si)(si)鹺情況十分(fen)嚴重,就(jiu)(jiu)連漢武帝(di)征服南(nan)越國而設立的交趾(亦有(you)史稱(cheng)“安南(nan)”,在今越南(nan)北(bei)部)因不(bu)屬宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)而與宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鄰(lin),其(qi)食(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)也被宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)人“用(yong)物(wu)帛博(bo)買交趾私(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),夾雜官(guan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)出賣(mai)”,迫使宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)孝宗于淳(chun)熙十二年(1185)詔“禁(jin)交趾鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)入省地”。(《皇宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)中(zhong)(zhong)興(xing)兩朝圣政》、《宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)史》)食(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)向為(wei)(wei)(wei)歷朝歷代利(li)厚之(zhi)物(wu),宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)官(guan)榷(que)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主、商銷為(wei)(wei)(wei)輔,官(guan)榷(que)利(li)盡歸官(guan),商銷亦官(guan)收不(bu)菲。兩宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)私(si)(si)鹺不(bu)絕(jue),社會諸色(se)人等均有(you)滲入其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)者,乃(nai)貧者為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)計,富者積黃金,官(guan)者從(cong)(cong)貪欲(yu)。南(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)時私(si)(si)鹺甚至與官(guan)府(fu)發生(sheng)多次較大規模(mo)武裝(zhuang)對抗。累累私(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)現(xian)象,將兩宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)務管理(li)之(zhi)網(wang)絡撕開了好多道裂口(kou),宋(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)廷企望照數全收的鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)利(li),就(jiu)(jiu)從(cong)(cong)這(zhe)些裂口(kou)中(zhong)(zhong)流出好多。
三、淮鹺有私昭示兩宋吏治(zhi)之腐
北宋起,兩淮鹽區就較早地摸索掌握了煎制海鹽的(de)一些(xie)技術,使得鹽產額(e)逐步攀升。史料可上查太(tai)宗時(978——997)不含海州和漣(lian)水軍(jun)在內,年產額就達3779萬斤以上(shang),真(zhen)宗朝時(998——1022)則有(you)最高(gao)產1.077億(yi)斤記錄。特別是仁宗天圣元年(1023)淮北新建了板浦(pu)和洛要兩(liang)(liang)場、淮南也有(you)擴建后(hou),兩(liang)(liang)淮鹽產持續走高(gao)。神宗熙寧六年至(zhi)哲宗元佑元年(1073——1086)年產增(zeng)達1.6億斤,北宋末(1103——1127)又上升到1.84億斤(jin),期間1125年(nian)起淮北的海州和漣水軍鹽場均(jun)已陷(xian)金(jin),故其鹽產被金(jin)侵(qin)占而未(wei)入統計。其后的宋金(jin)對峙至宋被蒙元所(suo)滅的1279年(nian)期間,兩淮鹽區僅淮南屬宋廷管轄。因北宋欽(qin)宗(zong)靖康與南宋高(gao)宗(zong)紹興年(nian)間(1127——1132)兵燹動蕩,除海州(zhou)和漣水(shui)軍陷金外,楚、通二(er)州(zhou)鹽(yan)產亦有(you)不同程度下降,高宗紹興(xing)初(chu)(1132——1135)淮鹽年產僅為7——8千萬斤。史載南宋為維持(chi)半(ban)壁(bi)江山,偏安一隅,尤加重視鹽利(li),而(er)原(yuan)屬北宋的解鹽和(he)(he)淮北鹽區(qu)等(deng)鹽產已屬金,所以南宋以發展(zhan)淮（只是淮南）浙閩(min)廣海鹽以利(li)資國寄以最厚希望(wang),采(cai)取發放鹽本錢和(he)(he)修灶錢、支散米(mi)和(he)(he)牛接濟產鹽人(ren)等(deng)措施,來刺激(ji)和(he)(he)鼓勵海鹽增產,淮南通楚泰三州從(cong)高宗紹興初的14場(chang)346灶擴充到紹興十(shi)七至二十(shi)八年(1147——1158)的19場452灶,年產鹽量(liang)也上升(sheng)到1.9——1.95億斤。其后至(zhi)孝宗乾道五年(nian)(1169),產量降(jiang)到1.3——1.4億(yi)(yi)斤(jin)低穩狀態(tai),乾道六年又達到兩(liang)宋兩(liang)淮(huai)(huai)最高年產2.01億(yi)(yi)斤(jin)。直到南宋亡(wang),淮(huai)(huai)鹽年產大致在1.4——1.95億斤浮(fu)動。《宋(song)(song)史。食貨(huo)志》載:“國家煮鹽(yan)之(zhi)利以三分為率,淮(huai)東(指兩(liang)淮(huai)鹽(yan)區)居(ju)其二。”《宋(song)(song)鹽(yan)管窺》說(shuo):宋(song)(song)時“淮(huai)鹽(yan)產量,一開始就在人們(men)的視野之(zhi)外,悄悄地(di)、然而又是異常迅速地(di)發展起(qi)來(lai)。”真是精辟至(zhi)極!
有宋(song)(song)(song)320年間,除(chu)了(le)戰爭動亂(luan)年頭,絕大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)數時(shi)期淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)(shi)逐(zhu)步增產的(de)(de)。其實宋(song)(song)(song)境(jing)其他鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)也大(da)(da)(da)致(zhi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)此,只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)較之(zhi)(zhi)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)優異。淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產量如(ru)(ru)(ru)此之(zhi)(zhi)高,淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)(產地和銷區(qu))的(de)(de)私(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)現象又是(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)何呢?《中國(guo)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)業(ye)史(shi)》說,淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)浙沿海(hai)亭戶(hu)(hu)(或稱(cheng)灶戶(hu)(hu),都(dou)(dou)指海(hai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)生產者)“煎鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)入官(guan)(guan)(guan),官(guan)(guan)(guan)不(bu)以(yi)時(shi)給直”,亭戶(hu)(hu)難免私(si)(si)(si)煎私(si)(si)(si)販。《宋(song)(song)(song)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)管(guan)窺》說:北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)仁宗天圣元年(1023)前,淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)南(nan)(nan)通、泰、楚州(zhou)(zhou)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)場亭戶(hu)(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),每“三石,元定價(jia)錢五百(bai)文(wen)(wen)省(sheng)”,“每正(zheng)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)石納(na)耗一(yi)斗”,1石50斤(jin),省(sheng)百(bai)為(wei)(wei)77文(wen)(wen),3石正(zheng)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)加耗3斗共165斤(jin),五百(bai)文(wen)(wen)省(sheng)即(ji)385文(wen)(wen),計正(zheng)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)收購(gou)價(jia)格每斤(jin)2.3文(wen)(wen)足。而(er)官(guan)(guan)(guan)府收購(gou)后,在(zai)(zai)本州(zhou)(zhou)只(zhi)花少許運、貯(zhu)費用,出賣價(jia)達每斤(jin)26文(wen)(wen)足,利(li)率1030%。淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)因(yin)(yin)其量大(da)(da)(da),銷區(qu)也廣(guang)大(da)(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)宋(song)(song)(song)朝的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)南(nan)(nan)路、江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)路、荊湖路、兩(liang)浙路、京東路等路的(de)(de)府州(zhou)(zhou)縣內,在(zai)(zai)這些地方,淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)利(li)率則更(geng)高達2385%,可謂驚人(ren)!官(guan)(guan)(guan)府坐漁如(ru)(ru)(ru)此巨利(li),而(er)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)灶戶(hu)(hu)生活景況又怎樣?北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)詞人(ren)柳永(yong)的(de)(de)《煮海(hai)歌》唱道:“煮海(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)民(min)何所營,婦(fu)無(wu)蠶織夫(fu)無(wu)耕(geng)。衣食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan)太寥(liao)落,牢盆煮海(hai)汝(ru)輸(shu)征。秤入官(guan)(guan)(guan)中得(de)(de)微直,一(yi)緡往往十緡償。周而(er)復始無(wu)休息,官(guan)(guan)(guan)租未了(le)私(si)(si)(si)租逼。”北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)文(wen)(wen)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)、史(shi)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)、政(zheng)治家(jia)(jia)歐陽修《送朱職方提舉鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)事(shi)》詩(shi)言:“穴灶如(ru)(ru)(ru)蜂房,熬波銷海(hai)水。良民(min)陷盜賊(zei),峻法難禁止。”柳永(yong)描述(shu)了(le)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)(huai)浙鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)灶戶(hu)(hu)煎鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)苦(ku),痛斥(chi)了(le)官(guan)(guan)(guan)府付予灶戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)工本錢極低(di)而(er)獲十倍鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)利(li),逼得(de)(de)灶戶(hu)(hu)無(wu)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)生。歐陽修則看(kan)到(dao)(dao)那么多(duo)的(de)(de)灶戶(hu)(hu)在(zai)(zai)煎鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),而(er)灶戶(hu)(hu)因(yin)(yin)所得(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)工本錢太少、百(bai)姓(xing)因(yin)(yin)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)貴(gui)買不(bu)起,都(dou)(dou)被逼無(wu)奈鋌而(er)走險(xian),參販私(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。宋(song)(song)(song)時(shi)文(wen)(wen)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)、史(shi)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)與今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)史(shi)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)都(dou)(dou)對(dui)(dui)宋(song)(song)(song)朝平(ping)民(min)參與私(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)販售,進行(xing)了(le)最客觀公(gong)正(zheng)而(er)極為(wei)(wei)深刻的(de)(de)透析,也是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)宋(song)(song)(song)朝封建統治者腐敗(bai)本質的(de)(de)揭露和批判。
官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)在市場上處于(yu)絕對壟斷(duan)地(di)位(wei),其(qi)價格可被(bei)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)府任意抬高(gao)。兩宋(song)(song)期(qi)間,雖然淮(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)曾(ceng)有過太宗(zong)初的(de)在淮(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)創始“折中法”淮(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)商,真宗(zong)天禧(xi)初(1017年)淮(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)銷區(qu)開放折搏、仁(ren)宗(zong)慶歷初(1041年)率先(xian)在淮(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)實行鈔引鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)法等反(fan)復(fu)變化,榷法與通(tong)(tong)(tong)商俱有,但(dan)總體(ti)上是榷鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)為主,各級鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)與運鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)兵常侵盜淮(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan),并摻以(yi)泥沙等雜物填充(chong)被(bei)盜鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)量。而(er)食用(yong)淮(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)平民百姓,一(yi)因官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)價昂二因官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)質差(cha)幾不能食,被(bei)逼買(mai)食私(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan),又促(cu)使(shi)這些地(di)區(qu)出(chu)現大量販(fan)(fan)(fan)售私(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan),有的(de)發展(zhan)成群(qun)體(ti)持械強行販(fan)(fan)(fan)售,而(er)與官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)府敢(gan)于(yu)直面對杖,食用(yong)淮(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)安徽(hui)、江西等地(di),都有這類史例。如太宗(zong)朝通(tong)(tong)(tong)州“海上販(fan)(fan)(fan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)”的(de)“海賊(zei)”,其(qi)艦船多“張冪”,設有“勁弩短炮(pao)”。史說南(nan)宋(song)(song)抗元名人(ren)文天祥,曾(ceng)于(yu)德佑二年(1276)奉命前(qian)往元軍營帳議(yi)和被(bei)拘,后“緣北船販(fan)(fan)(fan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)者”在淮(huai)東江河間助其(qi)脫逃。為此他在一(yi)首詩中風趣寫道:“行客不知身(shen)世險,一(yi)窗春夢送輕(qing)舟。”這些私(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)販(fan)(fan)(fan)比之一(yi)些官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)僚更有愛國心和人(ren)情味(wei)!《中國史綱要》說,湖(hu)南(nan)蠻、瑤(yao)聚居地(di)的(de)人(ren)民,曾(ceng)因宋(song)(song)之官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)價貴不能受,成群(qun)結(jie)隊販(fan)(fan)(fan)運私(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan),發展(zhan)到仁(ren)宗(zong)慶歷三年(1043),五千群(qun)眾憤(fen)而(er)反(fan)宋(song)(song),狙殺鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。
縱觀(guan)兩宋(song),總離(li)不了官(guan)(guan)員涉私的身(shen)影。略舉幾(ji)例:太宗朝辰州(今湖(hu)南(nan)省沅陵)知(zhi)州董繼業,是(shi)一(yi)個淮鹽銷區(qu)的地方官(guan)(guan),販(fan)賣(mai)私鹽到了有名(ming)的地步(bu)。仁(ren)宗朝任海州(今江蘇省連云港(gang)市)通判的石(shi)曼卿(994——1041)在卸任后,“載私(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)兩船至壽春,托知州王子(zi)野貨之(zhi)。時禁網寬(kuan)賒,曼卿亦(yi)不(bu)為人所忌,于(yu)是(shi),市中公然(ran)賣學士鹽(yan)(yan)。”一個(ge)淮(huai)(huai)北鹽(yan)(yan)區的(de)地方官,竟(jing)然(ran)在離任他就臨別時,運(yun)走兩船淮(huai)(huai)北鹽(yan)(yan),動用關系私(si)(si)售獲利。由于(yu)代售的(de)是(shi)知州大人 ,故而(er)竟(jing)敢公開市賣。而(er)其結(jie)果,又竟(jing)沒被治罪(zui)。而(er)與(yu)他同樣私(si)(si)售淮(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)的(de)淮(huai)(huai)東(dong)轉運(yun)按察使張(zhang)可久、淮(huai)(huai)東(dong)提舉(ju)陳損之(zhi)等人,都(dou)是(shi)私(si)(si)販(fan)私(si)(si)售淮(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)的(de)“名人”,可命運(yun)就沒有石曼卿那么幸運(yun)了(le),都(dou)被貶降了(le)職(zhi)位,也(ye)是(shi)理當如(ru)此吧。《南通(tong)鹽(yan)(yan)業(ye)志》引自《宋會(hui)要輯稿——食(shi)貨》載:南宋高宗紹興二年(1132)曾在淮南通州(zhou)查獲一(yi)私鹽(yan)案,系(xi)由通州(zhou)駐軍將(jiang)領喬仲福、王德與手下人(ren)員買(mai)通巡檢軍兵(bing),收買(mai)亭(ting)戶(hu)私鹽(yan),仿(fang)制官(guan)袋且(qie)用(yong)舊引進行(xing)售賣,其量驚人(ren)!當然,既被曝出,該眾人(ren)等必無好結果(guo)。
研究宋史的(de)(de)(de)(de)都(dou)說(shuo)宋朝(chao)外(wai)戰外(wai)交疲軟,內政(zheng)(zheng)較好(hao),無(wu)宦官(guan)擅政(zheng)(zheng),雖有平民起義,但(dan)無(wu)論(lun)北(bei)宋政(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)被顛(dian)覆,抑或南宋滅(mie)亡,都(dou)非內亂所致，均為(wei)外(wai)族所為(wei)。北(bei)宋、南宋時淮(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)都(dou)有較快發展,鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法亦多(duo)有創新,鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)屢創歷史新高,朝(chao)廷財收因(yin)淮(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)而盈庫。但(dan)是(shi)(shi),不絕于兩(liang)(liang)宋的(de)(de)(de)(de)淮(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)地和(he)銷區的(de)(de)(de)(de)鹺亂現象(xiang),特別是(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)官(guan)員,有的(de)(de)(de)(de)還就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)管理淮(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)員躋身其(qi)中徇私(si)枉法，都(dou)有深(shen)刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史淵源(yuan)和(he)成因(yin)。徽宗(zong)崇寧元(yuan)年(nian)(1102)蔡(cai)京改(gai)革東南鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法,制造了(le)(le)一(yi)批“黃旗鈔客”,享有優先通行(xing)、不受(shou)盤(pan)查的(de)(de)(de)(de)特權(quan)待(dai)遇,出現了(le)(le)千艘萬檣齊涌淮(huai)(huai)東鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)喧鬧景象(xiang),這其(qi)中就(jiu)有一(yi)些(xie)(xie)州官(guan)或其(qi)親(qin)屬“合(he)法販鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)”,更有假鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)他貨(huo)以販禁物。如此之狀,不能否(fou)認兩(liang)(liang)宋鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法藏有弊竇,更不能否(fou)認其(qi)吏治(zhi)不嚴(yan),縱生(sheng)腐敗,這些(xie)(xie)貪官(guan)污吏侵吞的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)國利,同(tong)時與封建朝(chao)廷一(yi)起,更是(shi)(shi)鯨吞了(le)(le)產(chan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)灶戶和(he)食(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)百姓的(de)(de)(de)(de)血汗。