發布時間：2018-11-21|發布者: 大連鹽(yan)化集團|欄目：鹽化史話
研究中(zhong)國(guo)歷史的(de)(de)專家說(shuo)(shuo)，元朝(chao)(chao)是(shi)當(dang)時世(shi)界上最(zui)(zui)強大(da)最(zui)(zui)富(fu)庶的(de)(de)國(guo)家。研究中(zhong)國(guo)鹽(yan)(yan)業史的(de)(de)專家說(shuo)(shuo)，元朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)法是(shi)漢(han)唐宋(song)后最(zui)(zui)縝密細致的(de)(de)了。那么，元朝(chao)(chao)兩(liang)淮鹽(yan)(yan)區(qu)（產地與銷區(qu)）的(de)(de)私鹽(yan)(yan)狀況如(ru)何(he)呢(ni)？本掘文作一(yi)初淺探討(tao)，以之(zhi)求(qiu)教。
一(yi)、元朝鹽(yan)法(fa)之于(yu)兩淮鹽(yan)區(qu)之正效(xiao)應
蒙元鹺業(ye)，是由金朝(chao)、南(nan)宋(song)(song)兩大(da)板塊構成的(de)。1206年(nian)，鐵木真(zhen)建(jian)立(li)了蒙古國。1234年(nian)正月，金亡，蒙古國占領(ling)了金的(de)全部統(tong)治區(qu)(qu)——淮(huai)河(he)以北的(de)北方半(ban)壁江山。嗣后，兩淮(huai)鹽區(qu)(qu)的(de)淮(huai)北鹽區(qu)(qu)也(ye)于(yu)1236年(nian)3月淪陷于(yu)蒙古國。1271年(nian)元世(shi)祖忽必烈定國號為(wei)元。1279年(nian)，元滅南(nan)宋(song)(song)，建(jian)立(li)了大(da)一統(tong)的(de)封(feng)建(jian)政權，兩淮(huai)鹽區(qu)(qu)盡入蒙元統(tong)治。
從(cong)宋(song)靖康二年(nian)（1127）的四月(yue)，北(bei)宋(song)政權被(bei)金(jin)(jin)人顛覆(fu)，到1234年(nian)正月(yue)金(jin)(jin)朝(chao)亡，金(jin)(jin)朝(chao)在(zai)統治(zhi)(zhi)下的北(bei)部中國，以淮水為界(jie)與(yu)南宋(song)對(dui)峙(zhi)。《金(jin)(jin)史(shi)》載(zai)，金(jin)(jin)對(dui)統治(zhi)(zhi)區(qu)(qu)的鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)(qu)細密劃分為5大鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)(qu)。《金(jin)(jin)史(shi)·食貨(huo)(huo)志》載(zai)述鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)使(shi)(shi)司(si)有(you)(you)12處。兩淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)(qu)之(zhi)淮北(bei)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)(qu)（海(hai)州(zhou)）的獨木場、板浦(pu)場、臨洪場3場屬莒州(zhou)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)司(si)。據(ju)《金(jin)(jin)史(shi)·食貨(huo)(huo)志》載(zai)，大定二十(shi)三(san)年(nian)（1184）七月(yue)，曾在(zai)海(hai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)(qu)發生一起日炙鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)私鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)案，說(shuo)明山東鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)(qu)（包括(kuo)兩淮之(zhi)淮北(bei)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)(qu)）已(yi)經(jing)有(you)(you)了海(hai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)曬制(zhi)的嘗試（但還不是明朝(chao)那種成規模的曬制(zhi)）。金(jin)(jin)代鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)務(wu)管理由鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)使(shi)(shi)司(si)及其分司(si)負(fu)責，同時(shi)建立(li)榷貨(huo)(huo)務(wu)、鈔(chao)(chao)引(yin)庫(ku)(ku)、鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)稅院、鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)錢局、土鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)場官、巡捕(bu)私鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)機構，使(shi)(shi)政府(fu)(fu)有(you)(you)效地(di)控制(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)利。在(zai)食鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)發賣上有(you)(you)多種運作方式，其中最(zui)重要(yao)最(zui)有(you)(you)特色的是鈔(chao)(chao)引(yin)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)制(zhi)。“貞元(yuan)初，蔡(cai)松年(nian)（注：漢臣）為戶部尚書，始復鈔(chao)(chao)引(yin)法（沿用宋(song)鈔(chao)(chao)引(yin)法），設官置庫(ku)(ku)，以造鈔(chao)(chao)引(yin)。”《金(jin)(jin)史(shi)·食貨(huo)(huo)志》說(shuo)山東鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)(qu)（包括(kuo)淮北(bei)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)(qu)）鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)商用銅錢、銀鋌、紙幣等購得官府(fu)(fu)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鈔(chao)(chao)（相(xiang)當于今之(zhi)到產地(di)提貨(huo)(huo)的有(you)(you)價證券(quan)），“鈔(chao)(chao)、引(yin)、公(gong)據(ju)，三(san)者具備，然(ran)后聽鬻。”
1127年(nian)．宋(song)(song)廷南(nan)遷后，南(nan)宋(song)(song)高(gao)宗(zong)建炎（1127——1129）起至寧(ning)(ning)宗(zong)開禧初年(nian)（1205），在(zai)兩淮的(de)淮南(nan)鹽(yan)(yan)區和兩浙鹽(yan)(yan)區繼續推(tui)行創于北宋(song)(song)天禧元年(nian)至熙寧(ning)(ning)三(san)年(nian)（1017——1071）的(de)鈔(chao)引鹽(yan)(yan)法。采(cai)取的(de)重(zhong)大(da)舉措(cuo)有三(san)：縮減私營鹽(yan)(yan)場，增加官營，對產鹽(yan)(yan)亭戶予以優恤；多處設(she)鹽(yan)(yan)鈔(chao)專(zhuan)賣中(zhong)心，兩浙鹽(yan)(yan)區有臨安，淮南(nan)鹽(yan)(yan)區有鎮江(jiang)、建康(kang)（今(jin)之(zhi)江(jiang)蘇(su)南(nan)京），并在(zai)真(zhen)州（今(jin)江(jiang)蘇(su)儀(yi)征）設(she)立賣鈔(chao)司；懲治私鹽(yan)(yan)。這些措(cuo)施的(de)落實，使淮南(nan)鹽(yan)(yan)產鹽(yan)(yan)利在(zai)南(nan)宋(song)(song)中(zhong)期(qi)都創歷史(shi)最高(gao)記(ji)錄。而在(zai)開禧二年(nian)（1206）至南(nan)實滅亡（1279年(nian)），鈔(chao)鹽(yan)(yan)法趨(qu)衰但仍實行，同時兼行榷(que)賣（官收(shou)商運商銷）。
元朝(chao)大(da)一(yi)統封建(jian)政權(quan)建(jian)立(li)后，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)業(ye)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)規模遠大(da)于從(cong)前，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)技術也(ye)有新的(de)進步，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)利(li)猛(meng)增(zeng)。尤(you)其(qi)(qi)是(shi)兩淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)，1279年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)即達23505萬斤，以(yi)每人(ren)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10斤計算，夠當(dang)時全(quan)國(guo)(guo)近半數人(ren)口(kou)(kou)食(shi)用。以(yi)后逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加，30年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后的(de)1311——1333年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)23年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)，一(yi)直(zhi)保持3。8億斤年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)額，則可滿足全(quan)國(guo)(guo)百分(fen)(fen)之六十(shi)以(yi)上的(de)人(ren)口(kou)(kou)食(shi)用。而(er)從(cong)皇家國(guo)(guo)庫(ku)萬億寶源庫(ku)收入看(kan)，亦淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)為重。所以(yi)，元廷特別重視鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)業(ye)重視淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，整(zheng)合宋金(jin)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)，完善鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)務管理的(de)措施(shi)(shi)，也(ye)基本上是(shi)在淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)先予(yu)施(shi)(shi)行，再將經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)推(tui)廣全(quan)國(guo)(guo)各鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)。元代完善宋金(jin)鈔引(yin)法(fa)(fa)的(de)主要(yao)措施(shi)(shi)之一(yi)是(shi)，于成宗(zong)(zong)大(da)德四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1300）率先在兩淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)改(gai)法(fa)(fa)立(li)倉，在揚州(zhou)、淮安分(fen)(fen)立(li)六個(ge)大(da)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)倉，集中(zhong)收儲鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)斤，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)商改(gai)過(guo)去赴(fu)產(chan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)地提鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)為到(dao)(dao)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)倉提鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。這項措施(shi)(shi)比兩浙鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)早20年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，比山東鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)要(yao)早35年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。改(gai)法(fa)(fa)立(li)倉同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)頒布的(de)《新降鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)事理》，主要(yao)是(shi)為兩淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)運(yun)司訂(ding)立(li)制度(du)(du)，圍繞“客旅納課買引(yin)赴(fu)倉”作出(chu)規定，而(er)制度(du)(du)本身又(you)帶有全(quan)國(guo)(guo)通用性(xing)，要(yao)求全(quan)國(guo)(guo)逐步執行到(dao)(dao)位(wei)。18年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后的(de)仁宗(zong)(zong)延佑(you)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1318）的(de)《申明鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課條畫》圣旨，又(you)是(shi)對(dui)《新降鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)事理》予(yu)以(yi)重申。主要(yao)措施(shi)(shi)之二是(shi)改(gai)法(fa)(fa)立(li)倉同(tong)(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，在真州(zhou)、采(cai)石（今(jin)(jin)安徽當(dang)涂）設(she)立(li)兩個(ge)批驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)所，對(dui)兩淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)行銷今(jin)(jin)之河南、湖北、湖南、江西(xi)、安徽和江蘇(su)等(deng)行鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)地面，實施(shi)(shi)“批鑿鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)引(yin)，發(fa)運(yun)辦課”。批驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)所官秩為正七品(pin)。其(qi)(qi)他(ta)地區(qu)未見有設(she)立(li)的(de)文(wen)字記載。19年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后的(de)仁宗(zong)(zong)延佑(you)六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1319）才(cai)“置兩浙鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)倉六所”，該鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)運(yun)司下設(she)校驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)所四，職(zhi)能僅是(shi)“專驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)袋”，顯然比兩淮的(de)批驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)所要(yao)單一(yi)的(de)多。主要(yao)措施(shi)(shi)之三是(shi)，革去把(ba)柄(bing)行市、多取牙錢(qian)、影響銷鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)舊鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)牙，于淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)改(gai)法(fa)(fa)立(li)倉當(dang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，令真州(zhou)批驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)所選“有抵業(ye)、慎行止、不(bu)作過(guo)犯者，知商賈、信實之人(ren)”以(yi)充“鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)總部轄”，為淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)運(yun)商與銷區(qu)經(jing)銷商牽(qian)線搭橋(qiao)。此種重建(jian)銷鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)隊伍、完善銷鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)環節管理辦法(fa)(fa)，后推(tui)行在其(qi)(qi)他(ta)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區(qu)。
恰如專家(jia)們(men)研究認為(wei)，元(yuan)代鹽(yan)法以兩淮(huai)改(gai)法立倉為(wei)標志而走向成熟，也使兩淮(huai)鹽(yan)業(ye)、全國鹽(yan)業(ye)在元(yuan)朝的(de)前、中期(qi)得以發展。武宗至(zhi)大元(yuan)年（1308）全國鹽(yan)產量216萬引左(zuo)右、86400萬斤(jin)，比改(gai)法立倉前二年高36萬引、14400萬斤(jin)。到(dao)文(wen)宗天歷年間（1328——1329）又增至(zhi)250萬引、10億(yi)斤(jin)，達元(yuan)代最(zui)高額。各鹽(yan)區相比，兩淮(huai)最(zui)多，95萬75引、3。8億(yi)斤(jin)。鹽(yan)利始終成為(wei)元(yuan)廷最(zui)重要(yao)的(de)經(jing)濟支撐。“國家(jia)財賦，鹽(yan)利為(wei)甚”，“國家(jia)經(jing)費，鹽(yan)利居(ju)之(zhi)十八，而淮(huai)鹽(yan)獨當天下(xia)之(zhi)半”，當為(wei)真(zhen)實(shi)描述。
二、淮私嚴(yan)重是元朝鹽法(fa)力弱之負效應(ying)
追溯(su)中(zhong)國(guo)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)政(zheng)史(shi)，基本公認(ren)春秋時杰出政(zheng)治家官(guan)(guan)仲相齊時，建立了食鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)民(min)產官(guan)(guan)收、官(guan)(guan)運官(guan)(guan)銷的官(guan)(guan)營(ying)制度，是為中(zhong)國(guo)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)政(zheng)之創始。《通(tong)考(kao)(kao)·征榷(que)考(kao)(kao)》載元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)人馬端臨說：“……至管夷吾(wu)相齊，負山(shan)海(hai)之利，始有(you)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)鐵之征。”其后(hou)，中(zhong)國(guo)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)政(zheng)又有(you)過(guo)“弛山(shan)澤之禁(jin)”，才(cai)有(you)漢武帝于元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狩(shou)（前122——前119）中(zhong)又下旨(zhi)“籠天下鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)鐵”，第(di)二次(ci)實施食鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)官(guan)(guan)營(ying)；隋唐間又有(you)隋開(kai)(kai)皇三年（583）至唐開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)九年（721）共139年不征鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)稅(shui)。但唐天寶十四(si)年（755）發生了安祿(lu)山(shan)、史(shi)思明叛亂(luan)，戰(zhan)爭對經濟的需求(qiu)加重，唐廷才(cai)由第(di)五(wu)琦和劉晏先后(hou)任財政(zheng)官(guan)(guan)，歷(li)史(shi)上第(di)三次(ci)實行食鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)官(guan)(guan)營(ying)。至此到(dao)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，食鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)官(guan)(guan)營(ying)一以貫(guan)之，再未有(you)更迭。
所謂食(shi)鹽官營(ying)，即是經過(guo)政府設立的鹽務(wu)管理機(ji)構(gou)——鹽運司(si)批準而(er)(er)進(jin)行(xing)食(shi)鹽發(fa)賣(mai)(mai)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，這(zhe)種發(fa)賣(mai)(mai)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)中的食(shi)鹽稱為(wei)(wei)官鹽。而(er)(er)未經過(guo)鹽運司(si)批準私下(xia)進(jin)行(xing)的發(fa)賣(mai)(mai)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，因與政府爭(zheng)利(li)，一直(zhi)被(bei)視為(wei)(wei)“犯私”而(er)(er)受到查禁(jin)，這(zhe)種發(fa)賣(mai)(mai)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)及其(qi)發(fa)賣(mai)(mai)的食(shi)鹽，被(bei)統稱為(wei)(wei)“私鹽”。
有(you)(you)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)代(dai)，私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是未有(you)(you)根絕(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)，淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區也(ye)是私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)大行(xing)(xing)其道(dao)。我們無法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)準(zhun)確統計出元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)全國(guo)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)或兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)字，但(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)因(yin)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課“國(guo)家所(suo)(suo)甚重，故其立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)至(zhi)詳至(zhi)密(mi)。”從史(shi)(shi)載(zai)(zai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)政(zheng)府針對(dui)(dui)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)策，再(zai)輔之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)史(shi)(shi)載(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)案例(li)，可以(yi)作一(yi)些(xie)(xie)推論。北(bei)宋及金與(yu)(yu)(yu)南宋對(dui)(dui)峙期間(jian)，淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)就(jiu)走(zou)向很高，故而(er)(er)蒙(meng)古國(guo)就(jiu)在滅金、占領了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)北(bei)部(bu)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區直至(zhi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區之(zhi)(zhi)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)北(bei)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區后，于元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)憲宗(zong)(zong)蒙(meng)哥辛亥五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1256），就(jiu)嚴策私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世祖中(zhong)統二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1261）詔(zhao)定(ding)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，“諸犯(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)，徒二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，決杖七(qi)十(shi)，財(cai)產(chan)沒(mei)官(guan)(guan)(guan)，決訖，發下鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)司(si)(si)(si)。帶鐐(liao)居役，滿日(ri)疏放。”“達(da)達(da)民戶(hu)(hu)，支取(qu)食鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，因(yin)而(er)(er)夾帶私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)貨賣(mai)，仰把隘人員，嚴切巡(xun)察(cha)，若有(you)(you)夾帶私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)貨賣(mai)，把隘官(guan)(guan)(guan)與(yu)(yu)(yu)犯(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)人同(tong)罪。”可見此時私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)貨賣(mai)已(yi)非個(ge)例(li)進而(er)(er)引(yin)(yin)(yin)起朝廷的(de)(de)(de)極端重視從而(er)(er)皇帝下詔(zhao)立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)明鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)，并且也(ye)有(you)(you)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)務官(guan)(guan)(guan)吏受(shou)賄而(er)(er)失職瀆職被(bei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)辦(ban)之(zhi)(zhi)例(li)。本法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)還規(gui)定(ding)，雖(sui)批(pi)發了(le)官(guan)(guan)(guan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)但(dan)超界銷售也(ye)是私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。“犯(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)界鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)貨生(sheng)發，初(chu)犯(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)笞四十(shi)，再(zai)犯(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)笞八(ba)(ba)十(shi)，三(san)犯(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)已(yi)上(shang)，開具呈(cheng)省(sheng)奏聞定(ding)罪。”元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世祖至(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1283）又(you)頒(ban)《新(xin)(xin)格(ge)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》規(gui)定(ding)：“諸鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)司(si)(si)(si)凡承告報私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)，皆(jie)須指(zhi)定(ding)煎藏處所(suo)(suo)，詳審查(cha)明，計會(hui)所(suo)(suo)在官(guan)(guan)(guan)司(si)(si)(si)，共同(tong)捕捉(zhuo)，……。”“諸捉(zhuo)獲(huo)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，取(qu)問是實(shi)，依(yi)條追沒(mei)，其所(suo)(suo)犯(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)情由(you)，并追到錢物，皆(jie)須明立(li)案驗，……”。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世祖忽必烈即(ji)位不久，就(jiu)在各地(di)先后推行(xing)(xing)按戶(hu)(hu)籍(ji)分配鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)額(e)征(zheng)收(shou)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)款，以(yi)杜私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。這種強行(xing)(xing)攤派稱為“食鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)”，又(you)稱“樁配”。兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)沒(mei)有(you)(you)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)過食鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)記載(zai)(zai)，但(dan)規(gui)定(ding)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)產(chan)區“附(fu)場(chang)十(shi)里之(zhi)(zhi)內人戶(hu)(hu)，取(qu)見實(shi)有(you)(you)口數(shu)(shu)，責(ze)令買食官(guan)(guan)(guan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。”這是防止兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戶(hu)(hu)偷留私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)食用及其兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)場(chang)附(fu)近人戶(hu)(hu)買食私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)典(dian)章(zhang)·戶(hu)(hu)部(bu)八(ba)(ba)·鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課·巡(xun)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)格(ge)例(li)》載(zai)(zai)，至(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1286）元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)廷頒(ban)布(bu)了(le)《巡(xun)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)格(ge)例(li)》，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)都(dou)(dou)轉(zhuan)運鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)使(shi)司(si)(si)(si)上(shang)報湖廣行(xing)(xing)省(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)份(fen)文書(shu)中(zhong)，反映兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區巡(xun)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)官(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)設置狀況，即(ji)大使(shi)1名，副使(shi)1名，司(si)(si)(si)吏1名，弓手6名。這些(xie)(xie)巡(xun)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)官(guan)(guan)(guan)騎(qi)馬或乘坐船(chuan)只巡(xun)察(cha)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)典(dian)章(zhang)·戶(hu)(hu)部(bu)八(ba)(ba)·鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課·新(xin)(xin)降鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)事(shi)理》就(jiu)載(zai)(zai)，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)運司(si)(si)(si)在采(cai)石“摘撥軍(jun)(jun)船(chuan)一(yi)同(tong)巡(xun)捉(zhuo)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)：”，巡(xun)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)弓手都(dou)(dou)手執弓箭而(er)(er)行(xing)(xing)。《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)(shi)·世祖十(shi)三(san)》載(zai)(zai)，至(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二十(shi)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1291）江淮(huai)(huai)(huai)行(xing)(xing)省(sheng)奏稱：“鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課不足，由(you)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鬻者(zhe)(zhe)多(duo)，乞付兵(bing)五(wu)千巡(xun)捕。”元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)廷便(bian)安排(pai)一(yi)支多(duo)達(da)5000人的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)，在淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)銷區巡(xun)緝私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。并將(jiang)巡(xun)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)列為淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)地(di)及銷區地(di)方路府州縣各級官(guan)(guan)(guan)司(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)主要職責(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)，進行(xing)(xing)量化考核。《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)典(dian)章(zhang)》載(zai)(zai)，至(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)三(san)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1293），元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)政(zheng)府欲通過鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)引(yin)(yin)(yin)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)完善來避免或減少(shao)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，規(gui)定(ding)“引(yin)(yin)(yin)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)不相離”、“諸人販鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，引(yin)(yin)(yin)不隨行(xing)(xing)，依(yi)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)”；匿不批(pi)引(yin)(yin)(yin)者(zhe)(zhe)亦同(tong)。此外，用私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)淹制水產(chan)品與(yu)(yu)(yu)“侵偷盜賣(mai)者(zhe)(zhe)，依(yi)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)”；軍(jun)(jun)官(guan)(guan)(guan)軍(jun)(jun)人恃勢求取(qu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)而(er)(er)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)賣(mai)者(zhe)(zhe)與(yu)(yu)(yu)“通同(tong)縱放貨賣(mai)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)者(zhe)(zhe)”，皆(jie)照(zhao)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)科斷。等(deng)等(deng)，不一(yi)而(er)(er)足。就(jiu)是大德(de)(de)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1300）兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)運司(si)(si)(si)改法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)立(li)倉，也(ye)都(dou)(dou)是為了(le)消弭私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)頒(ban)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)《新(xin)(xin)降鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)事(shi)理》稱：“敗獲(huo)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)徒，多(duo)系累經配新(xin)(xin)，視為尋常，不改前過。”此外，元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)廷還曾(ceng)多(duo)次下令禁(jin)(jin)(jin)絕(jue)(jue)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，其中(zhong)特別針對(dui)(dui)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)有(you)(you)大德(de)(de)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1299）四月(yue)申(shen)嚴兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)（《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)(shi)·成宗(zong)(zong)三(san)》）、延佑三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1320）冬十(shi)月(yue)，申(shen)嚴兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)（《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)(shi)·英宗(zong)(zong)一(yi)》）。《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)(shi)·許有(you)(you)壬(ren)傳》載(zai)(zai)，天歷(li)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)（1328——1333）兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)壞(huai)，中(zhong)書(shu)省(sheng)以(yi)“非有(you)(you)壬(ren)不能集事(shi)”奏，皇帝任(ren)命許有(you)(you)壬(ren)為兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)(huai)都(dou)(dou)轉(zhuan)運鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)司(si)(si)(si)使(shi)，整治(zhi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。
頒布如此多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)令，采取(qu)如此多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施，可(ke)(ke)私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)仍(reng)不能禁。《至元(yuan)條(tiao)格·斷例·廄庫·鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)課·私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)罪賞》載，順帝至正年間（1341——1370），兩淮“近年以來所在私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)數(shu)多(duo)(duo)，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)澀滯(zhi)。”《南臺備要(yao)·建言鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)》就(jiu)載有(you)(you)，至正八年（1348）淮東(dong)(dong)捕獲私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)4起(qi)，其中2起(qi)是直接從(cong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)場(chang)灶戶買得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，2起(qi)是從(cong)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)綱船(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綱頭買得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，“多(duo)(duo)至萬余斤(jin)，少者(zhe)數(shu)十(shi)(shi)引，本系(xi)各場(chang)之(zhi)煎官鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。”元(yuan)末(mo)還(huan)(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)人(ren)于(yu)“伍佑場(chang)廣盈團蔣六十(shi)(shi)三(san)處(chu)買到私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)百余斤(jin)”，淮鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產地灶戶賣(mai)私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)未有(you)(you)根絕。陜西解鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)銷(xiao)區也(ye)常有(you)(you)私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)販(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)“構集(ji)眾人(ren)”，“再行趕喝驢(lv)馬，動(dong)者(zhe)不下百十(shi)(shi)頭，略買到私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，卻來本境公然販(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)賣(mai)食用(yong)。”尤(you)為(wei)特(te)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)至順時“……鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)徒(tu)多(duo)(duo)有(you)(you)婦人(ren)女(nv)子”。元(yuan)末(mo)最能反映私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)是私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)販(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)敢(gan)于(yu)對抗官府(fu)，最終形(xing)成一(yi)定規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)農民起(qi)義(yi)，如山東(dong)(dong)私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)販(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)郭火(huo)你赤、浙東(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)販(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)方國(guo)珍、江陰的(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)販(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)朱定國(guo)等(deng)都(dou)帶有(you)(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)隊伍，兩淮的(de)(de)(de)(de)私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)販(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)張士誠起(qi)義(yi)軍(jun)甚至成長為(wei)摧毀元(yuan)朝統治的(de)(de)(de)(de)最重要(yao)力量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支。元(yuan)朝私(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)不絕，可(ke)(ke)以說是元(yuan)朝鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)雖較(jiao)完善但執行不到位，法(fa)力顯(xian)弱(ruo)，倒(dao)看到諸多(duo)(duo)負面(mian)效應(ying)。還(huan)(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)其他諸多(duo)(duo)深層次原因，有(you)(you)待進一(yi)步探索研(yan)究。
三、淮(huai)私源于蒙(meng)元的腐敗和掠奪本性
十一世紀前，在蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古(gu)大(da)草原(yuan)上，有百多個(ge)(ge)封建部(bu)落，分屬于(yu)各自獨(du)立(li)的(de)(de)七(qi)八個(ge)(ge)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)部(bu)落。蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古(gu)部(bu)落貴族(zu)鐵木真(zhen)（1162——1227）靠長期(qi)征戰，于(yu)1206年(nian)(nian)建立(li)蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古(gu)國(guo)(guo)，作(zuo)了大(da)汗。5年(nian)(nian)后，即于(yu)1211年(nian)(nian)開始進攻統(tong)治中國(guo)(guo)北方的(de)(de)金朝。又(you)于(yu)1218——1223年(nian)(nian)、1235——1241年(nian)(nian)、1253——1258年(nian)(nian)三(san)次發動大(da)規模西征，裹挾財富，燒毀城市(shi)，殺(sha)掠(lve)人民，極(ji)其嚴重地(di)破壞了社會生產力(li)。有人統(tong)計，在統(tong)一中國(guo)(guo)前的(de)(de)歷次戰爭(zheng)中，蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)軍(jun)屠殺(sha)人口有1億之(zhi)多，可能資料不(bu)(bu)實(shi)，但蒙(meng)(meng)(meng)古(gu)貴族(zu)及其軍(jun)隊的(de)(de)兇殘程度和掠(lve)奪本性是(shi)驚人的(de)(de)。以這樣一個(ge)(ge)少數民族(zu)只依靠金戈鐵馬，加上極(ji)其兇殘，而不(bu)(bu)是(shi)靠文明的(de)(de)力(li)量來統(tong)治已有幾(ji)千年(nian)(nian)文明史的(de)(de)中國(guo)(guo)，其最終只能是(shi)滑向極(ji)度腐敗，并由此走向滅亡。
《歷代名臣奏議》載，元(yuan)世祖忽必烈（1260。3——1294。1）統治下，就有“今王公(gong)大人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之家，或占民(min)田近于千(qian)頃，不(bu)耕不(bu)稼，謂之草場(chang)，專放孳畜。”這只是反(fan)映(ying)了(le)蒙元(yuan)貴族(zu)恣意掠占土地，先是去農(nong)盡(jin)牧，后又霸占良(liang)田，成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)封建大地主(zhu)。蒙元(yuan)還分(fen)全國人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)四(si)等，第一等蒙古人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，第二等西部少(shao)數民(min)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)，漢(han)(han)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只能充當第三(san)第四(si)等。在對(dui)整個國家的(de)管理中，排斥、壓制漢(han)(han)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。即便是實行(xing)漢(han)(han)法，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)是將(jiang)漢(han)(han)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)其本族(zu)及(ji)其他(ta)民(min)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)一樣對(dui)待。就是接納入官(guan)的(de)漢(han)(han)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，也(ye)(ye)是被奴化了(le)的(de)漢(han)(han)族(zu)封建地主(zhu)，也(ye)(ye)并非重用(yong)。這也(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)元(yuan)朝私鹽不(bu)絕留下了(le)禍根。
為什么(me)有(you)(you)(you)元(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)朝(chao)，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)頒布頻(pin)頻(pin)，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)務機構比(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)代更(geng)為健全(quan)，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)務管理(li)手段也較完備，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)引(yin)法(fa)比(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)宋(song)鈔鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)更(geng)細密，在兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產銷(xiao)上(shang)也有(you)(you)(you)改法(fa)立倉、撥5000兵丁專以巡緝私鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)諸多辦法(fa)，但兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)私鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)乃至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)國(guo)私鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)仍屢禁不止，時(shi)(shi)而(er)泛(fan)濫，進而(er)發展到元(yuan)(yuan)末(mo)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)私鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)販(fan)拉起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隊伍，成為埋葬元(yuan)(yuan)王朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要力量？究其(qi)私鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)成因，元(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)確有(you)(you)(you)與其(qi)他朝(chao)代不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)。第一(yi)當(dang)屬課(ke)重(zhong)價(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)官迫民私。《元(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)·食貨(huo)志(zhi)二(er)(er)·鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)》載(zai)，窩闊臺汗庚寅年(nian)（1230），還沒占領兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)，就“始行鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)法(fa)，……每(mei)(mei)引(yin)價(jia)(jia)銀(yin)一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。”到蒙哥汗時(shi)(shi)（1250——1259），已(yi)占領兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)之(zhi)(zhi)淮(huai)(huai)北鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)區，就“每(mei)(mei)引(yin)（400斤）添做十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)銀(yin)子賣有(you)(you)(you)來。”每(mei)(mei)引(yin)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)銀(yin)子就已(yi)經達到了(le)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)百性(xing)承擔(dan)能(neng)力上(shang)限(xian)了(le)，而(er)嗜于(yu)(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)戰(zhan)(zhan)征(zheng)(zheng)服的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蒙古(gu)貴族(zu)頻(pin)頻(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)(zheng)戰(zhan)(zhan)，雖有(you)(you)(you)俘獲(huo)和掠奪(duo)，但軍耗(hao)畢竟極(ji)大，只有(you)(you)(you)倚鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)價(jia)(jia)上(shang)漲(zhang)并加(jia)(jia)大鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)稅征(zheng)(zheng)收，以為軍費(fei)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)盾 。盡管交(jiao)(jiao)戰(zhan)(zhan)區財富盡數劫(jie)收，人民生活極(ji)端困苦，蒙古(gu)國(guo)仍將(jiang)北方鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)價(jia)(jia)不斷(duan)提高(gao)(gao)直至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)統一(yi)后(hou)每(mei)(mei)引(yin)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)達十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)一(yi)錢銀(yin)。其(qi)時(shi)(shi)淮(huai)(huai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)每(mei)(mei)引(yin)價(jia)(jia)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)銀(yin)。即使在統治(zhi)全(quan)中(zhong)國(guo)后(hou)，由于(yu)(yu)元(yuan)(yuan)廷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度腐(fu)敗和蒙古(gu)貴族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掠奪(duo)本性(xing)所致，無以復加(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奢侈消費(fei)貫穿(chuan)于(yu)(yu)元(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)期，后(hou)期尤其(qi)嚴重(zhong)，對金錢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求自當(dang)最甚，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)課(ke)自當(dang)加(jia)(jia)重(zhong)，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)價(jia)(jia)自當(dang)居高(gao)(gao)不下。至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)（1284），“鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體例，一(yi)引(yin)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)垠底，官司(si)處一(yi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)銀(yin)買(mai)了(le)。”至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元(yuan)(yuan)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)年(nian)（1289），因政府“歲入恒不償所出”，鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)價(jia)(jia)提高(gao)(gao)到每(mei)(mei)引(yin)25兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)銀(yin)。武(wu)宗至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大二(er)(er)年(nian)（1309）十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)月，每(mei)(mei)引(yin)猛漲(zhang)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)50兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)銀(yin)。仁宗延(yan)佑元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)（1314），又提價(jia)(jia)50%。而(er)食鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)戶買(mai)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)零售價(jia)(jia)，要比(bi)官定批發價(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)8至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)10倍。“官鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)苦價(jia)(jia)高(gao)(gao)，私鬻禍所嬰(ying)。”兩(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)淮(huai)(huai)私鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)如何(he)可禁以絕！
第二當屬貧(pin)民生(sheng)(sheng)計(ji)艱(jian)窘(jiong)無(wu)奈行私(si)。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)苦(ku)澀難當，藏(zang)匿一(yi)(yi)點鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)產(chan)(chan)私(si)鬻濟生(sheng)(sheng)。元(yuan)(yuan)代鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)為(wei)專門戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)籍，世(shi)代產(chan)(chan)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，不(bu)(bu)得(de)改業。就連(lian)子女(nv)長(chang)大成人(ren)(ren)婚嫁后“析居”（分家），分出去了(le)也(ye)(ye)還是(shi)(shi)終(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)充當鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，承(cheng)(cheng)擔一(yi)(yi)份政府(fu)額產(chan)(chan)任務(wu)。這(zhe)種封建束(shu)縛，使(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)即便生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)再(zai)困苦(ku)也(ye)(ye)無(wu)法去尋求別業謀生(sheng)(sheng)。元(yuan)(yuan)成宗(zong)期間（1294。4——1307。1），兩淮(huai)有鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)10432戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，僅為(wei)兩浙的(de)三分之二，而(er)額產(chan)(chan)和實際產(chan)(chan)量都比兩浙高出一(yi)(yi)倍多。鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)除必(bi)(bi)須完成元(yuan)(yuan)廷下達的(de)額鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)量外，還要承(cheng)(cheng)擔其(qi)(qi)它各項(xiang)封建義務(wu)。而(er)政府(fu)發放(fang)的(de)工本鈔（生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)費），卻很(hen)低(di)微(wei)，還要被鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)務(wu)官(guan)吏、特(te)別是(shi)(shi)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)場(chang)官(guan)吏克扣，所(suo)剩已(yi)不(bu)(bu)能維(wei)持(chi)基本生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)。正如史書記載(zai)的(de)：“朝廷給(gei)降工本鈔，遭貪官(guan)污吏掊克之余，人(ren)(ren)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)所(suo)獲無(wu)幾。”元(yuan)(yuan)代人(ren)(ren)陳(chen)椿(chun)在(zai)(zai)他所(suo)作的(de)《熬波圖》解(jie)說詞中所(suo)述：“男子婦人(ren)(ren)，若(ruo)老若(ruo)幼，夏(xia)日苦(ku)熱，赤日行天，則汗血(xue)淋漓；嚴冬朔風(feng)，則履(lv)歷霜(shuang)躡水，手足(zu)皴裂。”這(zhe)正是(shi)(shi)兩淮(huai)兩浙鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)區灶(zao)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)牛馬于(yu)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)真實寫(xie)照。如此辛勞，而(er)日子難熬，偷一(yi)(yi)點點自己產(chan)(chan)的(de)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，換(huan)點粟菜而(er)已(yi)。二是(shi)(shi)運鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)船(chuan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)偷售，以資生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)。一(yi)(yi)般運載(zai)綱鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)船(chuan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，也(ye)(ye)屬于(yu)底層(ceng)勞動者(zhe)，生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)困苦(ku)程(cheng)(cheng)度基本同于(yu)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。在(zai)(zai)裝運鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)斤過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，也(ye)(ye)會偷一(yi)(yi)點鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)斤，或(huo)掃集(ji)艙角舷幫鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)粒(li)子，聚而(er)出售。鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、船(chuan)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)等窮苦(ku)人(ren)(ren)販私(si)鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，其(qi)(qi)量必(bi)(bi)很(hen)小，次數(shu)也(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)常，而(er)一(yi)(yi)旦被官(guan)府(fu)捕捉，往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)(shi)罰(fa)超其(qi)(qi)罪。這(zhe)也(ye)(ye)充分暴(bao)露出元(yuan)(yuan)朝鹽(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)法對普(pu)通(tong)勞動者(zhe)百性的(de)殘酷性。
第三當(dang)屬鹽(yan)(yan)商官(guan)吏(li)聯手(shou)謀(mou)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。元廷于(yu)大德(de)四年（1300）立(li)真州、采石(shi)兩個(ge)批驗(yan)(yan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)，本“欲使(shi)無擾鹽(yan)(yan)商”，但批驗(yan)(yan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)官(guan)吏(li)總是向鹽(yan)(yan)商伸(shen)手(shou)，在(zai)(zai)稱驗(yan)(yan)鹽(yan)(yan)袋上以(yi)多報少，使(shi)批驗(yan)(yan)所(suo)(suo)(suo)成(cheng)為“作(zuo)弊要(yao)錢之司(si)”。本當(dang)是杜私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)關卡，卻成(cheng)了(le)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)通(tong)道。而(er)鹽(yan)(yan)商行賄總為了(le)額外利(li)益加(jia)倍補(bu)償(chang)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)夾帶私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)則成(cheng)常態(tai)。至于(yu)鹽(yan)(yan)場官(guan)吏(li)在(zai)(zai)鹽(yan)(yan)斤出團(tuan)出場時、鹽(yan)(yan)倉官(guan)吏(li)在(zai)(zai)鹽(yan)(yan)斤入(ru)倉出倉等(deng)環節上收受賄賂，以(yi)及(ji)鹽(yan)(yan)司(si)官(guan)吏(li)直接盜賣鹽(yan)(yan)袋、巡鹽(yan)(yan)軍(jun)官(guan)捕頭收賄放私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)等(deng)，都成(cheng)為很(hen)大的(de)(de)私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)源，這自不(bu)待言。元朝鹽(yan)(yan)法雖(sui)對官(guan)吏(li)參與(yu)販私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)行為有所(suo)(suo)(suo)禁約，但與(yu)蒙(meng)古貴(gui)(gui)族(zu)掠奪(duo)本性聲(sheng)氣相(xiang)通(tong)的(de)(de)貪官(guan)污吏(li)們(men)，即使(shi)是漢人，也已(yi)經被(bei)奴化得與(yu)蒙(meng)古貴(gui)(gui)族(zu)、元廷統治集團(tuan)具(ju)有同(tong)樣的(de)(de)掠奪(duo)本性，鹽(yan)(yan)戶用(yong)血(xue)汗所(suo)(suo)(suo)產的(de)(de)鹽(yan)(yan)，食戶用(yong)同(tong)樣血(xue)汗換得的(de)(de)一(yi)點生活用(yong)項，他(ta)們(men)都恨(hen)不(bu)能一(yi)口全吞(tun)下去。所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)，這些吸血(xue)鬼(gui)，從沒有收回過吃私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)販私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)黑手(shou)，兩淮私(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)鹽(yan)(yan)不(bu)絕于(yu)有元一(yi)朝，最(zui)要(yao)害(hai)的(de)(de)莫過緣由此。